Yog tias koj tus dev nyiam dev poob rau hauv qeb "loj dua zoo dua", koj twb paub lawm tias koj tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav raug nqi ntau dua los ua kom koj tus menyuam zoo siab thiab noj qab nyob zoo. Cov dev loj feem ntau tuaj nrog kev noj qab haus huv loj, txhais tau tias pub mis rau koj tus menyuam tuaj yeem tom ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm koj cov peev nyiaj tsiaj txhua hli.
Pab koj tawm, peb tau sau cov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm 10 qhov pheej yig dev noj zaub mov rau cov tsiaj loj xyoo no. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau sau ib daim ntawv qhia tus neeg yuav khoom nrog cov lus qhia ntxiv los pab koj kom koj tus dev loj lub tais puv ntawm tus nqi qis tshaj rau koj.
10 Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws Dog Khoom Noj Rau Cov Loj Loj
1. Purina Ib Lub Ntuj Loj Loj + Khoom Noj Qhuav - Zoo Tshaj Plaws
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | Nqaij qaib, nplej hmoov, nqaij qaib los ntawm khoom noj |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 26% |
| Fat content: | 12% |
| Calories: | 320 kcal / khob |
Peb xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws tag nrho cov khoom noj pheej yig dev rau cov tsiaj loj yog Purina Ib Hom Loj Loj + zaub mov qhuav. Cov protein ntau nrog cov calorie suav zoo hauv ib khob, cov zaub mov no ua rau koj tus dev loj yam tsis tau tso koj tus account hauv txhab nyiaj hauv cov txheej txheem. Nrog ntxiv glucosamine, Purina One pab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov dev loj uas ua rau muaj ntau yam mob ntawm lawv cov ceg.
Fatty acids pab cov pob qij txha nrog rau cov tawv nqaij thiab lub tsho tiv no. Purina zaub mov mus dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim pub mis ua ntej nws tuaj rau hauv koj tus dev lub tais zaub mov, muab cov ntaub ntawv rov qab rau lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus. Zuag qhia tag nrho, daim ntawv qhia no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov neeg siv, nrog ntau tus neeg sau tseg tias lawv tau pub rau ntau xyoo. Qee cov neeg siv tau hais tias lawv tau muaj teeb meem nrog cov khoom tawg thiab tawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov khoom xa tuaj.
Pros
- High hauv protein
- Ntxiv glucosamine rau kev noj qab haus huv
- Tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab pub kev sim
- Highly rated los ntawm cov neeg siv
Cons
Qee yam teeb meem zoo thaum shipping
2. Iams Loj Breed Tiag Qaib Aub Khoom Noj - Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | Nqaij qaib, av nplej pob kws, pob kws nplej tag nrho |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 22.5% |
| Fat content: | 12% |
| Calories: | 351 kcal / khob |
Peb qhov kev xaiv rau cov zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov tsiaj loj rau cov nyiaj yog Iams Cov Neeg Laus Loj Loj Tiag Tiag Cov Zaub Mov Qhuav. Nrog rau kev suav calorie suav ib khob, daim ntawv qhia no tso cai rau koj kom noj zaub mov zoo rau koj tus dev loj thiab tseem muaj qee qhov nyiaj tshuav rau kev kho mob. Ua nrog nqaij qaib ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein, kibble kuj tseem muaj cov probiotics rau kev zom zaub mov zoo dua, tso cai rau koj tus menyuam loj kom nqus tau cov khoom noj kom ntau li ntau tau.
Yog tsis muaj cov khoom tsim los yog xim, Iams tau dav los ntawm ntau lub khw muag khoom. Txawm hais tias raug nqi raws li cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau, daim ntawv qhia no muaj feem pua ntawm cov khoom noj tsawg dua li lwm tus hauv peb daim ntawv teev npe. Cov neeg siv tshaj tawm cov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov zaub mov no, tab sis qee tus neeg thov tias cov dev tuaj yeem tsis nyiam qhov saj lossis qhov loj ntawm kibble.
Pros
- Contains probiotics
- Zoo nutrient density
- Tsis muaj xim tsis muaj xim lossis cov khoom khaws cia
Cons
- Picky dogs yuav tsis nyiam nws
- Tsis muaj protein ntau npaum li cov khoom noj sib piv
3. Natural Balance Limited Ingredient Dog Food - Premium Choice
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | Laj, yaj mov, nqaij npuas kib |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 22% |
| Fat content: | 12% |
| Calories: | 370 kcal/ khob |
Nrhiav cov khoom noj uas pheej yig rau koj tus dev loj tuaj yeem nyuaj, tab sis Natural Balance Limited Ingredient Lamb thiab Brown Rice Loj Breed yog ib qho kev xaiv. Nws muaj ib qho protein ntau (me nyuam yaj) thiab tsis muaj cov tshuaj tsis haum xws li nqaij qaib thiab nplej. Ua los ntawm ob peb cov khoom xyaw, Natural Balance yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau cov dev loj uas muaj peev xwm ua tau zaub mov rhiab heev los yog kev zom zaub mov zoo.
Nws kuj muaj fatty acids, uas txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab lub tsho tiv no, thiab nws zoo tagnrho rau cov dev ua xua uas muaj teeb meem ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Natural Balance yog ib qho ntawm cov nqi siab tshaj plaws ntawm peb cov khoom noj pheej yig. Lwm qhov kev txhawj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tswv tsiaj loj, yog tias lub hnab loj tshaj plaws muaj tsuas yog 26 phaus xwb.
Pros
- Ib qho protein ntau
- Tsis muaj tshuaj tsis haum
- Includes fatty acids for skin he alth
Cons
- Tus nqi siab dua li ntawm peb daim ntawv teev npe
- lub hnab loj tshaj plaws tsuas muaj 26 phaus xwb
4. Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Loj Breed - Zoo tshaj rau menyuam dev
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | Ntsuab qaib, nqaij qaib noj, mov xim av |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 26% |
| Fat content: | 15% |
| Calories: | 386 kcal / khob |
Cov menyuam dev loj loj nthuav tawm lawv tus kheej cov nyom noj zaub mov vim lawv xav tau kom muaj kev loj hlob qeeb, ruaj khov kom tsis txhob muaj qee yam kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv. Blue Buffalo Life Protection Loj Breed Puppy zaub mov muaj qhov kev xaiv pheej yig, ua nrog nqaij qaib tiag tiag, tag nrho cov nplej, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab zaub. Cov protein pab koj tus menyuam loj hlob muaj zog, lean nqaij, thaum ntxiv antioxidants, fatty acids, thiab lwm yam as-ham pab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho.
Blue Buffalo yog ib lub tuam txhab thawj zaug los txhawb cov zaub mov uas yooj yim-rau-paub cov khoom xyaw, thiab lawv tseem yog ib lub npe nrov tshaj plaws thoob ntiaj teb. Nrhiav cov khoom noj me me me me me uas pheej yig tuaj yeem nyuaj, tab sis qhov no yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim lub hnab loj loj (34 phaus) thiab cov calorie ntau ntau hauv ib khob. Qee tus tswv tau tshaj tawm tias lawv cov menyuam dev muaj teeb meem kho cov zaub mov, ua rau plab zom mov.
Pros
- Ua nqaij qaib, nplej, thiab lwm yam khoom xyaw yooj yim
- Muaj cov antioxidants, fatty acids, thiab lwm yam as-ham rau kev loj hlob
- High calorie suav ib khob
Cons
Qee tus menyuam dev muaj teeb meem kho cov zaub mov no
5. Hill's Science Diet Adult Loj Breed Dog Food - Vet's Choice
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | qhia noj nqaij qaib, cracked pearled barley, whole grain wheat |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 20% |
| Fat content: | 11.5% |
| Calories: | 363 kcal / khob |
Raws li ib qho ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus uas tau tshawb fawb ntau tshaj plaws, Hill's Science Diet kuj tau pom zoo los ntawm cov kws kho tsiaj tsis tu ncua. Rau cov tsiaj loj thiab loj heev, daim ntawv qhia nqaij qaib thiab Barley qhuav no tsis yog tsuas yog tsim los rau peb cov phooj ywg loj, tab sis kuj digestible thiab.
Nrog cov roj tsawg me ntsis thiab cov ntsiab lus protein, cov zaub mov no pab kom tsis txhob muaj cov tsiaj loj loj kom haum thiab txiav. Science Diet Chicken thiab Barley Loj Breed kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab 35-phaus, ua rau nws raug nqi ntau dua txawm tias tus nqi siab me ntsis rau peb daim ntawv teev npe.
Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv teb chaws USA thiab muaj ntxiv glucosamine rau kev sib koom noj qab haus huv, antioxidants, thiab fatty acids. Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv muaj nqaij qaib thiab hom qoob mog, feem ntau ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj, ua rau nws xaiv tsis zoo rau cov dev loj uas muaj peev xwm ua tau.
Pros
- Kev tshawb fawb-rov qab noj zaub mov, tsis tu ncua pom zoo los ntawm vets
- Muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab 35 phaus
- Cov fatty acids, glucosamine, antioxidants
Cons
Tsis yog kev xaiv zoo rau cov dev noj zaub mov zoo
6. Nutro Natural Choice Loj Breed Adult Dog Food
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | Nqaij qaib, nplej xim kasfes, whole grain sorghum |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 20% |
| Fat content: | 12% |
| Calories: | 335 kcal / khob |
Muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab 40 phaus, Nutro Natural Choice Adult Loj Breed Chicken thiab Brown Rice yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau cov dev loj. Nws tsuas yog cov khoom xyaw uas tsis yog GMO, uas yuav rov hais dua rau qee tus tswv. Nws muaj fiber ntau thiab muaj cov nqaij qaib uas muaj protein ntau thiab glucosamine los txhawb cov leeg thiab cov leeg lub zog.
Txawm hais tias nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, Nutro zaub mov muaj qee cov khoom xyaw los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Daim ntawv qhia tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas zoo los ntawm cov neeg siv, nrog rau ntau qhov kev ceeb toom tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv cov menyuam mos plab. Qee tus hais tias zoo li muaj qee qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv.
Pros
- Muaj hauv 40 phaus hnab
- Ua nrog cov khoom xyaw uas tsis yog GMO
- High hauv fiber ntau, nrog glucosamine
Cons
- Qee inconsistency ntawm batch
- Muaj qee cov khoom xyaw los ntawm Tuam Tshoj
7. Pob Zeb Diamond Naturals Loj Loj Cov Neeg Laus Me Me & Rice
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | Lamb pluas mov, whole grain brown rice, cracked pearled barley |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 22% |
| Fat content: | 12% |
| Calories: | 350 kcal / khob |
Diamond Naturals Loj Cov Me Nyuam Me Me Me thiab Cov Khoom Noj Mov yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov calorie suav ib khob thiab muaj 40-phaus hnab. Tsim nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas los ntawm ib tsev neeg lub tuam txhab, Pob Zeb Diamond Naturals muab qee cov khoom xyaw, suav nrog cov nqaij yaj uas siv hauv daim ntawv qhia no, los ntawm txawv teb chaws.
Qhov no suav nrog qee qhov khoom noj los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Nws tau tsim nrog probiotics thiab prebiotics thiab txhawb kev zom zaub mov ntawm koj tus menyuam dev loj. Nws kuj muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub cov khoom xyaw, zoo ib yam li qee cov khoom noj uas muaj nqi dua. Fatty acids, antioxidants, thiab glucosamine yog txhua yam tshwj xeeb hauv cov khoom noj pob zeb Diamond Naturals.
Txawm hais tias nws tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas zoo tag nrho, qhov kev tsis txaus siab feem ntau yog dev tsis nyiam saj, uas tuaj yeem ua rau khib nyiab ntau.
Pros
- Ua nrog prebiotics thiab probiotics rau digestive noj qab haus huv
- Tus nqi-zoo qhov loj thiab calorie suav
- Made in the USA
Cons
- Nrog qee cov khoom xyaw los ntawm Tuam Tshoj
- Qee tus dev tsis nyiam saj
8. American Journey Loj Breed Dog Food
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | Deboned salmon, menhaden ntses noj, brown mov, peas |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 24% |
| Fat content: | 12% |
| Calories: | 327 kcal / khob |
Rau cov dev loj uas yuav tsum tsis txhob noj nqaij qaib, American Journey Active Life Loj Breed Salmon, Brown Rice, thiab Zaub yog ib qho kev xaiv tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, lub hnab loj tshaj plaws yog 28 phaus, uas tej zaum yuav tsis yooj yim rau cov tswv tsiaj loj.
Nws muaj protein ntau los ntawm tag nrho cov ntses salmon thiab muaj cov nplej zom yooj yim thiab zaub chock tag nrho cov antioxidants. Cov roj fatty acids los ntawm cov ntses ua rau daim ntawv qhia kev xaiv zoo rau daim tawv nqaij, lub tsho tiv no, thiab kev sib koom ua ke. American Journey yog tsim nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, txawm hais tias nws muaj cov khoom xyaw los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws, uas tsis yog ib txwm teev los ntawm lub tuam txhab.
Daim ntawv qhia no kuj muaj peas ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw saum toj kawg nkaus. Peas thiab lwm yam legumes tab tom tshawb xyuas los ntawm FDA rau qhov xav tias txuas rau kab mob plawv hauv cov tsiaj. Raws li kev noj zaub mov noj ntses, kibble muaj ntxhiab tsw, uas yuav tsis txaus siab rau qee tus dev. Cov neeg siv qhia tias nws ua haujlwm zoo rau lawv cov dev nrog cov tawv nqaij rhiab thiab plab.
Pros
- Txhob nqaij qaib thiab nplej
- Ntau cov protein, yooj yim rau zom
- Tau qhov kev xaiv zoo rau cov tawv nqaij rhiab thiab plab dev
Cons
- lub hnab loj tshaj plaws tsuas yog 28 phaus xwb
- Ntsuab tsw
- Contains peas
9. Noj Zaub Mov Loj Loj Nrog Nqaij Qaib & Zaub Mov
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | qhia noj nqaij qaib, mov ci, peas |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 23% |
| Fat content: | 13% |
| Calories: | 365 kcal / khob |
Vim nws muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab 40 phaus siab zoo, Cov Loj Loj Loj nrog Nqaij qaib thiab mov yog qhov kev xaiv yooj yim rau cov tswv dev loj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau hloov pauv daim ntawv qhia tsis ntev los no thiab tam sim no suav nrog peas nyob rau hauv cov npe khoom. Peb tau hais txog kev txhawj xeeb txog peas hauv cov zaub mov tsiaj ua ntej hauv kab lus no.
Txawm hais tias lawv siv cov khoom siv no, cov khoom lag luam tsim nws cov khoom noj dev hauv Tebchaws Meskas, vam khom rau cov neeg muag khoom hauv Asmeskas. Cov khoom lag luam tsis lees paub siv cov khoom xyaw los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Kev noj zaub mov loj no muaj ntxiv glucosamine thiab fatty acids los txhawb cov tawv nqaij thiab kev noj qab haus huv.
Cov neeg siv feem ntau muab kev tshuaj xyuas zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sau tseg tias kibble yog qhov loj me rau cov dev loj. Qee tus neeg hais tias lawv cov dev tsis saib xyuas qhov saj thiab lub hnab ntim tau yooj yim torn, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum shipping.
Pros
- 40-pound bag available
- Made in the USA
- Includes fatty acids thiab glucosamine
Cons
- Contains peas
- Lub hnab yooj yim puas thaum shipping
- Qee tus dev tsis nyiam saj
10. Nature's Recipe Loj Breed Grain-Free Dog Food
| Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb: | Nkauj, qaib noj, qos ntoo qab zib |
| Protein cov ntsiab lus: | 25% |
| Fat content: | 12% |
| Calories: | 363 kcal / khob |
Rau qhov kev xaiv tsis tshua kim tsis pub dawb rau koj cov tsiaj loj, xav txog Nature's Recipe Loj Cov Noob Tsis Pub Qaib, Qos Qos Qis, thiab Taub Hau. Nrog rau daim ntawv qhia hloov tshiab tsis ntev los no, daim ntawv qhia muaj protein ntau thiab fiber ntau, nrog rau cov antioxidants thiab nce qib ntawm taurine rau lub plawv noj qab haus huv. Ua ntej hloov mus rau kev noj zaub mov tsis muaj nplej, nrog koj tus kws kho tsiaj los txiav txim seb nws puas haum rau koj tus menyuam dev, vim tsis yog txhua tus dev yuav tsum zam cov khoom xyaw.
Lub hnab loj tshaj plaws muaj yog 24 phaus, tab sis nws kuj los hauv ob lub hnab ntim ib yam nkaus. Cov neeg siv feem ntau tshaj tawm cov kev paub zoo nrog daim ntawv qhia, tab sis qee tus tau poob siab nrog lub hnab ntim tsawg.
Pros
- High hauv cov protein thiab fiber ntau
- Ntaurine ntau ntau rau lub plawv noj qab haus huv
- Kev tshuaj xyuas tus neeg siv zoo tag nrho
lub hnab loj tshaj plaws yog 24 phaus
Tus Neeg Yuav Qhia - Xaiv Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws Cov Khoom Noj Mov Rau Cov Loj Loj
Tam sim no koj muaj lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom pheej yig tus dev loj, ntawm no yog qee cov lus qhia txuag nyiaj thiab siv dag zog los pab koj txiav txim siab seb qhov kev xaiv twg yog qhov zoo tshaj rau koj.
Kos Calorie Count
Saib nqe zaub mov tsis qhia tag nrho. Koj kuj yuav tsum xyuas seb pes tsawg calories ib khob koj tau txais. Cov zaub mov yuav muaj tus nqi qis, tab sis yog tias nws tseem skimps ntawm calories, tej zaum koj yuav tsis txuag nyiaj ntau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj muaj ib tug dev loj vim lawv yuav tsum tau noj ntau kom puv.
Koj tus kws kho tsiaj tuaj yeem pab koj xam cov calorie ntau npaum li cas koj tus dev yuav tsum noj txhua hnub, yog li koj tuaj yeem ua lej thiab saib seb lub hnab yuav kav ntev npaum li cas.
Lub hnab loj npaum li cas?
Raws li txhua tus neeg yuav khoom ntawm Costco tuaj yeem qhia rau koj, kev yuav hauv ntau yam yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws. Lub hnab loj yog koj tus phooj ywg yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav txuag nyiaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum pub mis loj. Ntau qhov kev xaiv ntawm peb cov npe tuaj hauv 35-40-phaus hnab. Cov uas tsis tuaj yeem yog cov kev xaiv zoo nyob ntawm seb koj tus dev yuav tsum noj ntau npaum li cas.
Koj Puas Tau Muag Khoom?
Feem ntau, kev sib tw pab txhawb tus nqi qis. Qhov ntau muaj ntau hom yog, qhov ntau koj yuav tsum nrhiav tus nqi qis tshaj.
Daim ntawv qhia uas tuaj yeem yuav hauv online, hauv khw muag tsiaj, thiab hauv khw muag khoom noj muaj ntau yam nqi. Cov khw muag khoom sib txawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab cov kev xaiv txuag nyiaj ntxiv xws li daim coupon, cov nyiaj txo cov tswv cuab, lossis cov luv nqi yog tias koj tso npe rau hauv Auto-ship feature rau kev yuav khoom yav tom ntej.
Kev Xav Tau Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Tshwj Xeeb
Thaum kawg, koj tus dev qhov kev xav tau kev noj qab haus huv tshwj xeeb tseem yuav ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txiav txim siab seb koj xaiv zaub mov twg. Piv txwv li, cov dev loj loj nrog cov zaub mov rhiab heev yuav tsum zam qee yam khoom xyaw, xws li qaib.
Thaum cov dev noj qab nyob zoo tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev noj ib qho ntawm cov zaub mov uas peb tau tshuaj xyuas, cov neeg uas raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qee yam mob yuav xav tau kev noj zaub mov tshwj xeeb los tswj lawv. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, koj tus kws kho tsiaj yuav tuaj yeem qhia koj txog koj cov kev xaiv.
Conclusion
Raws li peb qhov zoo tshaj plaws tag nrho cov khoom noj pheej yig dev rau cov tsiaj loj, Purina Ib Hom Loj + nta cov ntsiab lus muaj protein ntau thiab lub hnab loj. Peb qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi xaiv, Iams Loj Breed High Protein, suav nrog probiotics rau digestibility. Natural Balance Limited Ingredient Loj Breed Lamb thiab Rice yog tus nqi qis dua, kev ua xua rau tus phooj ywg.
Rau cov menyuam dev loj, Blue Buffalo Life Protection Chicken thiab Brown Rice nta nqaij, nplej, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab veggies. Peb Vet's Choice pick, Hill's Science Diet Loj Cov Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Peb cia siab tias peb cov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov khoom noj dev loj no pheej yig, ua ke nrog cov neeg yuav khoom qhia, pab koj nrhiav qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau koj thiab koj tus dev loj.
